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An introduction to closed-<= /span>conduit flow s= ensing
David Wadlow
Sensors Research Consulting, Inc.
Basking Ridge, NJ
www.sensors-research.com=
other articles
 © 2006, Sensors Resea= rch Consulting, Inc., All rights reserved.
------=_NextPart_01C6DB82.55710720 Content-Location: file:///C:/D0C8DEAF/intro_files/slide0007.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" An Introduction to Closed-Conduit Flow Sensing
Flow concepts & equations
•What is measured
–volume= tric flow rate
–flow velocity
–mass f= low rate
–other parameters
•Reynolds number
–flow regime (laminar, transitional, turbulent)
–flow velocity profile
•Equation of state
–gases<= /span>
•Steam
•Pressure drop
–turbule= nt, laminar
= •laminar flow sensors
–head loss
•Bernoulli’s equation
–differen= tial pressure sensors
•Velocity of sound
–ultraso= nic sensors
–Mach nu= mber
SRC
------=_NextPart_01C6DB82.55710720 Content-Location: file:///C:/D0C8DEAF/intro_files/slide0025.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" An Introduction to Closed-Conduit Flow Sensing
Volumetric flow rate (Q)
<= /span>
Flow velocity (v)
               point velocity sensors= 3;
               anemometers
               current meters
Mass flow rate (    )
What is measured...
Typical units
•   Volume per time
SCFM; ACFM; m3/hr;
GPM; sccm; ml/s
barrels per day
•   Distance per time
ft/s; m/s
•   Mass per time
kg/s; pounds per min
=3D mean axial velocity X flow cross section
SRC
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1
Dimen= sionless number expressing the ratio of the inertial to viscous forces in a flow
•  flow regime laminar; turbulent or transitional (profile, pressure loss, etc.)
•  choice of flowmeter technology and performance often a function of = Re
r / R
r / R
1
2.0
1.02 - 1.1
0
0
In circular and square =
conduits
LAMINAR
TURBULENT
Re < 2100
Re > 3500
D
TRANSITIONAL  2100 < Re < 3500
r =3D density (kg/m3<= /span>)
m =3D absolute or shea= r
      dynamic viscosity
      Pa. s (kg/m.s)
D =3D diameter (m)
    =3D mean axial velocity <= /div>
        (Q/A)
SRC
Reynolds number, Re
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file:///C:/D0C8DEAF/intro_files/slide0087_image009.wmz Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/x-wmz H4sIAAAAAAACCzVPsQ4BQRSc9w6JIyEoRCUKHQmd7iRaUdAqFBISRBDJdfyBRqPyBb5ARKVT+w01 4bx9ezaZ7OTtzLzZx/12gJ4reRyJG7bvE4Q4R+EOMvoaFcTZsIiAiXRCHASBTqqU10mNKVQn+O9L ssdXMjnlWAoFBMaEtNkp7CLYiOkrSISaJNqD1ajnz4dA0XTBS9IKtihKurFCNj3HHXjKssJ8Mrlv 3nysdkd6MYrNxXgwwWlrvfpD1F1wC0ayRoPccLurDa3RpuVUDZz1T8Rc6vrL1XCKmU1jbfSUVEd1 P42nAWZWAQAA ------=_NextPart_01C6DB82.55710720 Content-Location: file:///C:/D0C8DEAF/intro_files/slide0088.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="windows-1252" An Introduction to Closed-Conduit Flow Sensing
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